ABSTRACT
SUMMARY OBJECTIVE The Revised Atlanta Classification (RAC) is increasingly used in the evaluation of patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis (AP). In our study, we aimed to evaluate the etiology, disease severity, and mortality rates of patients diagnosed with AP in our center in the previous 6 years. METHODS Patients diagnosed with AP between 2013 and 2018 were evaluated. AP etiology, demographic data, disease severity, and mortality rates according to the RAC were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 880 patients were included in the study. Five hundred and eighteen (59%) patients were female and 362 (41%) were male. Regarding the etiology, 474 (53.9%) patients had biliary AP (BAP), 71 (8.1%) had hyperlipidemic AP (HAP), and 44 (5%) had alcoholic AP (AAP). According to the RAC, 561 (63.7%) patients were considered to be in the mild AP group (MAP), 268 (30.5%) in the moderately severe AP (MSAP), and 51 (5.8%) in the severe AP (SAP). The mortality rate was 4.8% in the MSAP group and 49% in the SAP group. Mortality was 2.3 times in patients over 65 years old and 3.7 times higher in patients with ischemic heart disease. CONCLUSIONS In our country, BAP is still the main etiology of acute pancreatitis. Over the years, we have seen a decrease in BAP and idiopathic AP cases, while there was an increase in HAP cases due to factors such as lifestyle changes and fatty nutrition. We found that mortality was associated with disease severity, advanced age (> 65 y), hypertension, and ischemic heart disease regardless of the etiology.
RESUMO OBJETIVO A Classificação de Atlanta revisada (RAC) é cada vez mais usada na avaliação de pacientes diagnosticados com pancreatite aguda (PA). Em nosso estudo, objetivamos avaliar a etiologia, a gravidade da doença e as taxas de mortalidade de pacientes diagnosticados com PA em nosso centro nos últimos seis anos. MÉTODOS Foram avaliados pacientes diagnosticados com PA entre 2013 e 2018. Avaliaram-se a etiologia da PA, os dados demográficos, a gravidade da doença e as taxas de mortalidade de acordo com a RAC. RESULTADOS Um total de 880 pacientes foi incluído no estudo. Quinhentos e dezoito (59%) pacientes eram do sexo feminino e 362 (41%) do sexo masculino. Na etiologia, 474 (53,9%) pacientes apresentaram PA biliar (PAB), 71 (8,1%) PA hiperlipidêmica (PAH) e 44 (5%) PA alcoólica (PAA). De acordo com a RAC, 561 (63,7%) pacientes estavam em PA leve (MAP), 268 (30,5%) estavam em PA moderadamente grave (MSAP) e 51 (5,8%) estavam em grupos de PA grave (SAP). A taxa de mortalidade foi de 4,8% no grupo MSAP e de 49% no grupo SAP. A mortalidade foi vista como 2,3 vezes em pacientes acima de 65 anos e 3,7 vezes em pacientes com cardiopatia isquêmica. CONCLUSÕES Em nosso país, o PAB ainda é a principal etiologia da pancreatite aguda. Ao longo dos anos, observamos uma diminuição nos casos de PAB e PA idiopática, enquanto houve um aumento nos casos de PAH devido a fatores como mudança de estilo de vida e nutrição gordurosa. Descobrimos que a mortalidade estava associada à gravidade da doença, idade avançada (>65 anos), hipertensão e cardiopatia isquêmica, independentemente da etiologia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Severity of Illness Index , Pancreatitis , Acute DiseaseABSTRACT
RESUMEN Introducción: la pancreatitis aguda es una enfermedad muy frecuente que se define como un proceso inflamatorio reversible del tejido pancreático, producido por la activación intraparenquimatosa de enzimas digestivas. Objetivo: determinar los factores pronósticos tempranos en la pancreatitis aguda, de causa biliar y no biliar, asociados a evolución desfavorable. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional analítico en pacientes con pancreatitis aguda, atendidos en el Hospital Universitario Clínico-Quirúrgico «Arnaldo Milián Castro¼ (2013 - 2017). Se empleó un muestreo no probabilístico intencional, por criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados: la edad media de los pacientes egresados y con pancreatitis aguda no biliar, fue significativamente menor que la de los fallecidos. Se identificaron como factores de riesgo en la ocurrencia de mortalidad: la edad mayor de 65 años (OR=3,813-IC: 1,451-10,025), el sexo femenino (OR=2,700-IC: 1,044-6,981), la pancreatitis de origen biliar (OR=1,279-IC: 0,321-5,102), la pancreatitis aguda necrótica (OR=7,822-IC: 1,772-34,526), la presencia de derrame pleural (OR=5,929-IC: 1,912-18,386) y un índice de gravedad tomográfica (IGT)> D (OR=2,800-IC: 0,381-20,579). Los resultados de los valores de sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo de la TGO, y la TGP, en relación a la pancreatitis aguda necrótica hemorrágica, fueron de (37,5 %, 69,7 %, 23,1 % y 82,1%) y (60 %, 83,3 %, 42,9 % y 90,9 %), respectivamente. El área bajo la curva de la TGP fue de 0,790. Conclusiones: se identificaron como factores negativos: la edad mayor de 65, el origen biliar, la pancreatitis aguda necrótica, el derrame pleural y la gravedad tomográfica.
ABSTRACT Introduction: acute pancreatitis is a very common disease that is defined as a reversible inflammatory process of pancreatic tissue, produced by the intraparenchymal activation of digestive enzymes. Objective: to determine the early prognostic factors in acute biliary and non-biliary pancreatitis associated with an unfavorable evolution. Methods: an analytical observational study was performed in patients with acute pancreatitis seen at "Arnaldo Milián Castro" Clinico-Surgical University Hospital from 2013 to 2017. Intentional non-probabilistic sampling was used following inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: the average age of the discharged patients and patients with acute non-biliary pancreatitis was significantly lower than the average age of the deceased ones. We identified as risk factors in the occurrence of mortality: age over 65 years (OR = 3.813-CI: 1.451-10.025), female gender (OR = 2.700-CI: 1.044-6.981), biliary pancreatitis (OR = 1.279-CI: 0.321-5.102), acute necrotizing pancreatitis (OR = 7.822-CI: 1.772-34.526), the presence of pleural effusion (OR = 5.929-CI: 1.912-18.386) and a computed tomographic severity index (CTSI)> D (OR = 2.800-CI: 0.381-20.579). The results of the values of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of AST and ALT, in relation to acute necrotizing hemorrhagic pancreatitis, were (37.5%, 69.7%, 23.1% and 82.1%) and (60%, 83.3%, 42.9% and 90.9%), respectively. The area under the curve for ALT was 0.790. Conclusions: we identified as negative factors: age over 65, biliary origin, acute necrotizing pancreatitis, pleural effusion and tomographic severity.
Subject(s)
Pancreatitis/etiology , Predictive Value of TestsABSTRACT
In HIV-seropositive individuals, the incidence of acute pancreatitis may achieve 40% per year, higher than the 2% found in the general population. Since 1996, when combined antiretroviral therapy, known as HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy), was introduced, a broad spectrum of harmful factors to the pancreas, such as opportunistic infections and drugs used for chemoprophylaxis, dropped considerably. Nucleotide analogues and metabolic abnormalities, hepatic steatosis and lactic acidosis have emerged as new conditions that can affect the pancreas. To evaluate the role of antiretroviral drugs to treat HIV/AIDS in a scenario of high incidence of acute pancreatitis in this population, a systematic review was performed, including original articles, case reports and case series studies, whose targets were HIV-seropositive patients that developed acute pancreatitis after exposure to any antiretroviral drugs. This association was confirmed after exclusion of other possible etiologies and/or a recurrent episode of acute pancreatitis after re-exposure to the suspected drug. Zidovudine, efavirenz, and protease inhibitors are thought to lead to acute pancreatitis secondary to hyperlipidemia. Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, despite being powerful inhibitors of viral replication, induce a wide spectrum of side effects, including myelotoxicity and acute pancreatitis. Didanosine, zalcitabine and stavudine have been reported as causes of acute and chronic pancreatitis. They pose a high risk with cumulative doses. Didanosine with hydroxyurea, alcohol or pentamidine are additional risk factors, leading to lethal pancreatitis, which is not a frequent event. In addition, other drugs used for prophylaxis of AIDS-related opportunistic diseases, such as sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and pentamidine, can produce necrotizing pancreatitis. Despite comorbidities that can lead to pancreatic involvement in the HIV/AIDS population, antiretroviral drug-induced pancreatitis should always be considered in the diagnosis of patients with abdominal pain and elevated pancreatic enzymes.
Em HIV-soropositivos, a incidência de pancreatite aguda pode chegar até 40% ao ano, o que é consideravelmente maior que na população geral, cuja incidência é de 2%. A partir de 1996, com a introdução da terapia antirretroviral combinada, conhecida pela sigla HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy), o espectro de fatores nocivos ao pâncreas, como infecções oportunistas e uso de drogas para sua quimioprofilaxia, diminuiu consideravelmente. Análogos nucleotídeos e anormalidades metabólicas, esteatose hepática e acidose láctica despontaram como novas condições que podem acometer o pâncreas. A fim de avaliar o papel das drogas antirretrovirais para tratamento do HIV/AIDS na incidência elevada de pancreatite aguda nessa população, foi realizada revisão sistemática, com inclusão de artigos originais, relatos e séries de caso, cujos alvos de estudo eram pacientes HIV-soropositivos que evoluíram com pancreatite aguda após exposição a alguma das drogas que compõem o esquema antirretroviral. Essa associação foi confirmada após exclusão de outras possíveis etiologias e/ou recorrência do episódio de pancreatite aguda após reexposição ao fármaco suspeito. Zidovudina, efavirenz e os inibidores de protease são suspeitos de levar a uma pancreatite secundária à hiperlipidemia. Já os análogos nucleotídeos da transcriptase reversa, apesar de serem potentes inibidores da replicação viral, possuem grande espectro de efeitos colaterais, entre eles a mielotoxicidade e a pancreatite aguda. Didanosina, zalcitabina e estavudina já foram reportados como produtores de pancreatite crônica e aguda, tendo risco elevado com dose cumulativa. Didanosina com hidroxiureia, álcool ou pentamidina são fatores de risco adicionais, podendo induzir a uma pancreatite fatal, embora pouco frequente. Além disso, outras drogas usadas para profilaxia de doenças oportunistas relacionadas à AIDS, como sulfametoxazol-trimetoprima e pentamidina, podem produzir pancreatite necrotizante. Apesar das comorbidades que podem levar ao acometimento pancreático na população com HIV/AIDS, pancreatite medicamentosa desencadeada por drogas antirretrovirais sempre deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial desses pacientes que se apresentam com dor abdominal e elevação das enzimas pancreáticas.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Anti-HIV Agents/adverse effects , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/adverse effects , Pancreatitis/chemically induced , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Acute Disease , Comorbidity , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the various common causes of acute pancreatitis distribution and related factors.Methods 131 cases of acute pancreatitis patients from April 2007 to August 2013 were chosen.The medical records were retrospectively analyzed .Patients were recorded and analyzed in age ,gender,etiology,clinical pancreatitis type.With biliary tract disease,overeating or high-fat meal,alcoholism,hyperlipidemia,other causes such as to cause the group to 18-29 years of age(youth group),29-44 years old(middle-aged group),44-59 years old(middle-aged group),≥59 years of age(age group) for the sector for the age group,for different reasons,the AP′s gender,age and different clinical types such as distribution were analyzed .Results Biliary disease 61 cases(46.3%);overeating or high-fat meal 38 cases(29.4%);alcoholism 21 cases(16.1%);high ester hyperlipidemia 8 cases(5.9%);other three cases(2.3%).Adult group overeating or high-fat meal,alcoholism and hyperlipidemia constituent ratio were higher than other groups,but with no significant difference(Pearson χ2 =19.1,df=12,P=0.085).Clinical types in a variety of different etiology than AP was no significant difference ( Pearson χ2 =1.9, df =4, P =0.753 ). Conclusion Biliary tract disease remains a major cause of AP ,followed by overeating or a high-fat meal,alcoholism, hyperlipidemia.AP has a clear upward trend,the treatment must remove the cause,to strengthen the integrated man-agement of AP .